Table of Contents
Introduction 13
1 The Key to Understanding Latin 15
The Significance of Syntax 15
How Latin Syntax Works 16
Learning Endings 17
Learning Vocabulary 19
Parts of Speech 20
2 Helps and Hindrances 21
Derivatives 21
The Roman Alphabet 22
Vowels 24
Consonants 24
Accent 25
3 The Importance of Verbs 27
Studying Latin Verbs 27
The Anatomy of a Latin Verb 28
What Is Verbal Aspect? 30
The Continuous Aspect (AKA the Present System) 31
The Completed Aspect (AKA the Perfect System) 32
The Aorist Aspect 32
Parts and Labor 33
4 The Imperfect and Perfect Tenses 37
Dissecting a Latin Verb 37
The Imperfect Tense 41
The Perfect Tense 43
The Irregular Verb Sum 46
5 Knowing Nouns 49
The Anatomy of a Latin Noun 49
Latin's Case System 51
The Declensions 52
Principal Parts for Nouns 56
Subjects and Objects 59
The Nominative Case 60
The Accusative Case 62
6 Using Adjectives 65
Adjective/Noun Agreement 65
The "Parts" of an Adjective 68
First/Second Declension Adjectives 68
Third Declension Adjectives 70
Substantives 75
7 Making Comparisons 77
Forming Comparisons with Adjectives 77
The Superlative Degree 79
Irregular Comparison 81
Forming Adverbs 82
Comparison of Adverbs 84
8 Prepositions and the Ablative Case 89
Prepositional Phrases 89
The Ablative Case 92
The Instrumental Ablative 95
Talking about Time 99
Talking about Places 100
Special Places 101
9 Genitive Case and Dative Case 105
What Is the Genitive? 105
Genitive Case Forms 106
Third Declension i-Stem Nouns 106
The Uses of the Genitive Case 108
The Dative Case 111
The Uses of the Dative Case 112
The Word "And" 114
10 Grammatical Mood 117
What Is Grammatical Mood? 117
The Imperfect Subjunctive 119
The Pluperfect Subjunctive 119
Showing Purpose 121
Showing a Result 122
Cum Clauses 123
11 Time and Tense 129
The Present Indicative 129
Using the Present Indicative 131
Forming the Future Indicative 132
Using the Future Indicative 133
The Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicative 134
Using These Two Tenses 136
12 Vocabulary Building 141
The Essential Verb "to Be" 141
The Small but Useful Verb "Go" 144
The Verb "to Bring" 145
Willing or Not 146
Infinitives 147
Vocabulary Building 148
13 Pronouns 153
Personal Pronouns 153
Demonstrative Adjectives 154
Demonstratives as Pronouns 158
Reflexive Pronouns 160
Intensive Adjectives and Pronouns 161
Relative Pronouns 163
Special Declension Adjectives 167
Numbers 168
14 Grammatical Voice 171
What Is Grammatical Voice? 171
Understanding Passive Voice 172
Ablative of Agent 180
The Middle Voice 181
15 Participles 187
Introducing Participles 187
Using Participial Phrases 192
Gerunds 196
Gerundives 197
The Supine Form 199
16 Asking Questions 203
True or False? 203
What Are They Asking? 204
Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns 208
The Present and Perfect Subjunctive 208
Conditions 211
17 Infinitives 215
The Form of Infinitives 215
The Subjective Infinitive 217
The Objective Infinitive 219
Indirect Discourse 220
18 Getting Attention and Giving Commands 227
Interjections 227
The Vocative Case 228
Giving Commands 228
The Hortatory and Jussive Subjunctives 233
Clauses after Verbs of Fearing 234
Wishing in the Subjunctive 235
The Potential Subjunctive 235
The Deliberative Subjunctive 236
Appendix A Latin-English Vocabulary 239
Appendix B Answer Key to Exercises 263
Index 281