Table of Contents

Preface xvii

1 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 1
Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar

1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 2

1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 3

1.3 Delivery Systems 4

1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 11

1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 15

1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 16

1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 20

1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle 22

1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 24

1.10 Drug Loading 25

1.11 Drug Release 26

1.12 Conclusion 27

References 27

2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We Are and Where We Have to Go! 35
Rajiv Lochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava

2.1 Cancer Pathology 36

2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 37

2.3 Treatment 41

Conclusion 42

References 42

3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery 47
Salam J.J. Titinchi, Mayank P. Singh, Hanna S. Abbo and Ivan R. Green

3.1 Introduction 48

3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems 48

3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 52

3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications 64

3.5 Conclusions 75

References 75

4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 85
S.G. Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras, and K. Papadia

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 Nanoparticles 86

4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD 96

4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies 110

4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 136

4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD 146

4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 160

Acknowledgments 161

References 161

5  Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro-and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor 179
Chong Sun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen

5.1 Introduction 179

5.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 181

5.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 183

5.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood 188

5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 194

References 195

6 The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care 199
Teles, F.R.R. and Fonseca, L.P.

6.1 Introduction 200

6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays 202

6.3 Biosensors 205

6.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications 217

6.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies 223

6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 227

Acknowledgment 227

References 228

7 Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization 233
TanSui and Alexander M. Korsunsky

7.1  Introduction 233

7.2 Experimental Techniques 236

7.3 Model Formulation 238

7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation 245

7.5 Discussion 251

7.6 Conclusions 255

Acknowledgments 256

Appendix 256

References 260

8 Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels 263
Martin Pradny, Miroslav Vetrik, Martin Hruby and Jiri Michalek

8.1 Introduction 263

8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels 265

8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers 271

8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain 276

8.5 Conclusions 281

Acknowledgments 281

References 283

9 Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care 289
Mohammad Sirousazar, Mehrdad Forough, Khalil Farhadi, Yasaman Shaabani and Rahim Molaei

9.1 Introduction 289

9.2 Types of Hydrogels 290

9.3 Properties of Hydrogels 295

9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 299

9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 305

9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 308

9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management 319

9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels 337

9.9 Conclusions 340

References 341

10 Modified Natural Zeolites—Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application 353
Jela Miliæ, Aleksandra Dakoviæ, Danina Krajišnik and George E. Rottinghaus

10.1 Introduction 354

10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs) 359

10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients 366

10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application 372

10.5 Conclusions 389

Acknowledgement 390

References 390

11 Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications 397
JinHuang, Jing Hao, Debbie P. Anderson and Peter R. Chang

11.1 Introduction 398

11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 400

11.3 Stimulus-Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels 409

11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels 413

11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 420

11.6 Conclusions and Prospects 425

References 425

12 Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applicationsin Biomedical Engineering 431
Chenghao Zhu and Qizhi Chen

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Synthesis of PHAs 433

12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs 435

12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films 436

12.5 PHA-Based Polymer Blends 439

12.6 Summary 451

References 451

13 Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care 457
Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Farnoush Faridbod and Parviz Norouzi

13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 458

13.2 Synthesis of MIPs 458

13.3 Application of MIPs 463

13.4 Biomimetic Molecules 464

13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio-Molecular Recognition 465

13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors 466

13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems 467

13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science 475

13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies 480

13.10 Conclusion 480

References 480

14 The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening 485
Niina J. Ronkainen and Stanley L. Okon

14.1 Introduction 486

14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens 489

14.3 Immunoassays 491

14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays 504

14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results 507

14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments 510

Conclusion 513

References