Table of Contents
Preface ix
1 An Introduction to Invasion Ecology 1
What are invaders and why do we care about them? 2
A brief history of invasion ecology 5
The wicked terminological web we weave 7
The invasion process 13
Summary 18
2 Transport Vectors and Pathways 24
What’s the difference between a vector and a pathway? 25
Does human-mediated dispersal differ from natural dispersal? 26
Transport vectors 29
Which species are transported via what vector group? 41
Dynamics of transport pathways 44
Summary 48
3 Trends in Numbers of Invaders 50
Invasion rates through time 51
Geographic patterns in numbers of invaders 63
Summary 72
4 Propagules 74
What are propagules? 75
Donor region and propagule pressure 75
Biological mechanisms 79
Empirical evidence 85
The hidden influence of propagule pressure 92
Summary 97
5 Disturbance 99
History and definition of disturbance 100
Disturbance facilitates invasion? 104
Restoration and disturbance 112
Agriculture and urbanization as disturbance 115
Biotic disturbance 118
Summary 127
6 Establishment Success: The Influence of Biotic Interactions 129
Conceptual issues 130
Resistance to invasion 131
Facilitation of establishment 146
Summary 155
7 Modeling the Geographical Spread of Invasive Species 157
What exactly is geographical spread? 158
Why do we want to model geographical spread? 162
The reaction–diffusion model 163
Long-distance dispersal 170
Directional dispersal 173
Stratified dispersal 176
Other forms of heterogeneity 182
Summary 187
8 Ecological Processes and the Spread of Non-native Species 189
Population growth 190
Dispersal 194
Biotic interactions 202
The role of heterogeneity 207
Lag times 210
Boom and bust 215
Summary 216
9 Ecological Impacts of Invasive Species 218
Genetic impacts 219
Individual impacts 222
Population impacts 228
Community impacts 233
Ecosystem impacts 240
Landscape, regional, and global impacts 242
Summary 244
10 Impact Synthesis 246
Perception and recognition of impact 247
Integrating perception with ecological determinants of impact 255
A theory of impact? 258
Finding common currencies 263
A cross-stage impact formula 273
Summary 275
11 Evolution of Invaders 277
Founding process 279
Losses and gains in genetic variability via transport mechanisms 279
Genetics and post-release success 288
Local adaptation and life-history evolution 291
Evolution of native species in response to non-natives 296
Summary 298
12 Predicting and Preventing Invasion 299
Explanation versus risk assessment 301
Inherent limitations to prediction 301
Risk analysis 303
Screening risky species 304
Screening risky transportation vectors 317
Summary 333
13 Eradication and Control of Invaders 335
Cause for optimism? 336
Rapid response 337
Lazarus effect 343
Long-term control 346
Sisyphus effect 350
Summary 354
14 Global Climate Change and Invasive Species 356
Global climate change 101 357
Non-native species and global climate change 364
Transport 365
Establishment 368
Spread 373
Impact 379
Human responses 387
Summary 391
References 393
Index 428
A colour plate section falls between pages 372 and 373
