Table of Contents

Foreword xix

Introduction xxiii

I Preparing the Battle Space 1

1 Application Fortification 7

Recipe 1-1 Real-time Application Profiling 7

Recipe 1-2 Preventing Data Manipulation with Cryptographic Hash Tokens 15

Recipe 1-3 Installing the OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set (CRS) 19

Recipe 1-4 Integrating Intrusion Detection System Signatures 33

Recipe 1-5 Using Bayesian Attack Payload Detection 38

Recipe 1-6 Enable Full HTTP Audit Logging 48

Recipe 1-7 Logging Only Relevant Transactions 52

Recipe 1-8 Ignoring Requests for Static Content 53

Recipe 1-9 Obscuring Sensitive Data in Logs 54

Recipe 1-10 Sending Alerts to a Central Log Host Using Syslog 58

Recipe 1-11 Using the ModSecurity AuditConsole 60

2 Vulnerability Identification and Remediation 67

Recipe 2-1 Passive Vulnerability Identification 70

Recipe 2-2 Active Vulnerability Identification 79

Recipe 2-3 Manual Scan Result Conversion 88

Recipe 2-4 Automated Scan Result Conversion 92

Recipe 2-5 Real-time Resource Assessments and Virtual Patching 99

3 Poisoned Pawns (Hacker Traps) 115

Recipe 3-1 Adding Honeypot Ports 116

Recipe 3-2 Adding Fake robots.txt Disallow Entries 118

Recipe 3-3 Adding Fake HTML Comments 123

Recipe 3-4 Adding Fake Hidden Form Fields 128

Recipe 3-5 Adding Fake Cookies 131

II Asymmetric Warfare 137

4 Reputation and Third-Party Correlation 139

Recipe 4-1 Analyzing the Client's Geographic Location Data 141

Recipe 4-2 Identifying Suspicious Open Proxy Usage 147

Recipe 4-3 Utilizing Real-time Blacklist Lookups (RBL) 150

Recipe 4-4 Running Your Own RBL 157

Recipe 4-5 Detecting Malicious Links 160

5 Request Data Analysis 171

Recipe 5-1 Request Body Access 172

Recipe 5-2 Identifying Malformed Request Bodies 178

Recipe 5-3 Normalizing Unicode 182

Recipe 5-4 Identifying Use of Multiple Encodings 186

Recipe 5-5 Identifying Encoding Anomalies 189

Recipe 5-6 Detecting Request Method Anomalies 193

Recipe 5-7 Detecting Invalid URI Data 197

Recipe 5-8 Detecting Request Header Anomalies 200

Recipe 5-9 Detecting Additional Parameters 209

Recipe 5-10 Detecting Missing Parameters 212

Recipe 5-11 Detecting Duplicate Parameter Names 214

Recipe 5-12 Detecting Parameter Payload Size Anomalies 216

Recipe 5-13 Detecting Parameter Character Class Anomalies 219

6 Response Data Analysis 223

Recipe 6-1 Detecting Response Header Anomalies 224

Recipe 6-2 Detecting Response Header Information Leakages 234

Recipe 6-3 Response Body Access 238

Recipe 6-4 Detecting Page Title Changes 240

Recipe 6-5 Detecting Page Size Deviations 243

Recipe 6-6 Detecting Dynamic Content Changes 246

Recipe 6-7 Detecting Source Code Leakages 249

Recipe 6-8 Detecting Technical Data Leakages 253

Recipe 6-9 Detecting Abnormal Response Time Intervals 256

Recipe 6-10 Detecting Sensitive User Data Leakages 259

Recipe 6-11 Detecting Trojan, Backdoor, and Webshell Access Attempts 262

7 Defending Authentication 265

Recipe 7-1 Detecting the Submission of Common/Default Usernames 266

Recipe 7-2 Detecting the Submission of Multiple Usernames 269

Recipe 7-3 Detecting Failed Authentication Attempts 272

Recipe 7-4 Detecting a High Rate of Authentication Attempts 274

Recipe 7-5 Normalizing Authentication Failure Details 280

Recipe 7-6 Enforcing Password Complexity 283

Recipe 7-7 Correlating Usernames with SessionIDs 286

8 Defending Session State 291

Recipe 8-1 Detecting Invalid Cookies 291

Recipe 8-2 Detecting Cookie Tampering 297

Recipe 8-3 Enforcing Session Timeouts 302

Recipe 8-4 Detecting Client Source Location Changes During Session Lifetime 307

Recipe 8-5 Detecting Browser Fingerprint Changes During Sessions 314

9 Preventing Application Attacks 323

Recipe 9-1 Blocking Non-ASCII Characters 323

Recipe 9-2 Preventing Path-Traversal Attacks 327

Recipe 9-3 Preventing Forceful Browsing Attacks 330

Recipe 9-4 Preventing SQL Injection Attacks 332

Recipe 9-5 Preventing Remote File Inclusion (RFI) Attacks 336

Recipe 9-6 Preventing OS Commanding Attacks 340

Recipe 9-7 Preventing HTTP Request Smuggling Attacks 342

Recipe 9-8 Preventing HTTP Response Splitting Attacks 345

Recipe 9-9 Preventing XML Attacks 347

10 Preventing Client Attacks 353

Recipe 10-1 Implementing Content Security Policy (CSP) 353

Recipe 10-2 Preventing Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attacks 362

Recipe 10-3 Preventing Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Attacks 371

Recipe 10-4 Preventing UI Redressing (Clickjacking) Attacks 377

Recipe 10-5 Detecting Banking Trojan (Man-in-the-Browser) Attacks 381

11 Defending File Uploads 387

Recipe 11-1 Detecting Large File Sizes 387

Recipe 11-2 Detecting a Large Number of Files 389

Recipe 11-3 Inspecting File Attachments for Malware 390

12 Enforcing Access Rate and Application Flows 395

Recipe 12-1 Detecting High Application Access Rates 395

Recipe 12-2 Detecting Request/Response Delay Attacks 405

Recipe 12-3 Identifying Inter-Request Time Delay Anomalies 411

Recipe 12-4 Identifying Request Flow Anomalies 413

Recipe 12-5 Identifying a Significant Increase in Resource Usage 414

III Tactical Response 419

13 Passive Response Actions 421

Recipe 13-1 Tracking Anomaly Scores 421

Recipe 13-2 Trap and Trace Audit Logging 427

Recipe 13-3 Issuing E-mail Alerts 428

Recipe 13-4 Data Sharing with Request Header Tagging 436

14 Active Response Actions 441

Recipe 14-1 Using Redirection to Error Pages 442

Recipe 14-2 Dropping Connections 445

Recipe 14-3 Blocking the Client Source Address 447

Recipe 14-4 Restricting Geolocation Access Through Defense Condition (DefCon) Level Changes 452

Recipe 14-5 Forcing Transaction Delays 455

Recipe 14-6 Spoofing Successful Attacks 462

Recipe 14-7 Proxying Traffic to Honeypots 468

Recipe 14-8 Forcing an Application Logout 471

Recipe 14-9 Temporarily Locking Account Access 476

15 Intrusive Response Actions 479

Recipe 15-1 JavaScript Cookie Testing 479

Recipe 15-2 Validating Users with CAPTCHA Testing 481

Recipe 15-3 Hooking Malicious Clients with BeEF 485

Index 495