Table of Contents

Preface xi

Chapter 1 Carbon Fabric-reinforced Polymer Composites and Parameters Controlling Tribological Performance Jayashree Bijwe Mohit Sharma 1

1.1 Introduction to polymeric tribo-composites 3

1.2 Carbon fibers as reinforcement 6

1.2.1 Classification of carbon fibers 7

1.2.2 Classification of fabric weaves 12

1.3 Carbon fabric-reinforced composites 12

1.3.1 Manufacturing methods to create CFRCs 13

1.3.2 Performance evaluation of composites 14

1.3.3 Tribological properties 14

1.4 Tribo-performance of CFRCs: influential parameters 15

1.4.1 Influence of the processing technique 16

1.4.2 Influence of fabric contents 19

1.4.3 Fabric orientation effect 29

1.4.4 Effect of fabric weave on performance properties 30

1.4.5 Influence of strengthening the fiber matrix interface 33

1.4.6 Influence of the type of polymer used 41

1.4.7 Influence of the molecular weight of a polymer 42

1.5 Concluding remarks 46

1.6 Bibliography 50

A1.1 Appendix I: Various techniques for developing CFRCs by compression molding 54

A1.1.1 Hand lay-up technique 54

A1.1.2 Impregnation technique 55

A1.1.3 Polymer film technique 55

A1.1.4 Powder prepreg technique 55

A2 Appendix II: Characterization methods for CFRCs 57

A2.1 Physical characterization 57

A2.2 Mechanical properties 59

Chapter 2 Adhesive Wear Characteristics of Natural Fiber-reinforced Composites Belal F. Yousif 61

2.1 Introduction 62

2.1.1 Why natural fibers? 62

2.1.2 Tribology of polymeric composites based on natural fibers 63

2.2 Preparation of polyester composites 67

2.2.1 Preparation of FRPC 67

2.2.2 Preparation of plam-oil fibers and PORP composites 69

2.2.3 NaOH treatment 69

2.2.4 Preparation of PORP composites 70

2.3 Specifications of the fibers and composites 70

2.3.1 Interfacial adhesion of palm-oil fibers 70

2.3.2 Mechanical properties of the composites 74

2.4 Tribo-experimental details 76

2.4.1 Experimental procedure 78

2.4.2 Examination of worn surfaces 79

2.4.3 Parameters measured 80

2.4.4 Results and discussion 80

2.4.5 Effect of operating parameters 80

2.4.6 Effect of 6% NaOH treatment 87

2.4.7 Effect of wet and dry contact conditions 89

2.5 Summary 93

2.6 Bibliography 94

Chapter 3 Resistance to Cavitation Erosion: Material Selection Jinjun Lu Zhen Li Xue Gong Jiesheng Han Junhu Meng 99

3.1 Cavitation erosion of materials - a brief review 99

3.2 Measuring the wear resistance of a material to cavitation erosionby using a vibratory cavitation erosion apparatus 101

3.2.1 General view of an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus 101

3.2.2 Determination of the wear resistance of a material to cavitation erosion 103

3.2.3 Experimental details 105

3.3 Material selection 108

3.3.1 Metal and alloys 109

3.3.2 Advanced ceramic 112

3.3.3 Polymer 113

3.3.4 Comparison 114

3.4 Conclusion 115

3.5 Acknowledgement 116

3.6 Bibliography 116

Chapter 4 Cavitation of Biofuel Applied in the Injection Nozzles of Diesel Engines Hengzhou Wo Xianguo Hu Hu Wang Yufu Xu 119

4.1 Introduction 120

4.2 General understanding of cavitation erosion 122

4.2.1 Mechanism of cavitation erosion 122

4.2.2 Synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion 129

4.3 Hydraulic characteristics of cavitation flow 131

4.3.1 Numerical models and validation 133

4.3.2 Effect of boundary pressure on cavitation 133

4.3.3 Effect of nozzle geometry on cavitation 136

4.4 Influence of fuel property on cavitation 139

4.4.1 Cavitating flow characteristics 140

4.4.2 Variation in the characteristics of dimensionless parameters 142

4.4.3 Effect of fuel properties on cavitation inception 144

4.5 Cavitation erosion of biofuel in the diesel injection nozzle 146

4.5.1 Effect of cavitation erosion on a nozzle 146

4.5.2 Location of cavitation erosion in a nozzle 148

4.5.3 Factors that influence cavitation erosion in nozzles 151

4.5.4 Effect of biofuel on the erosion of nozzles 154

4.6 Conclusion 155

4.7 Acknowledgments 156

4.8 Bibliography 157

Chapter 5 Wear and Corrosion Damage of Medical-grade Metals and Alloys Jae-Joong Ryu Pranav Shrotriya 163

5.1 Introduction 164

5.1.1 Total joint replacements 167

5.1.2 Metal alloys 169

5.2 Clinical studies and mechanistic investigation into implant failure 173

5.2.1 Wear mechanisms 176

5.2.2 Physiological corrosion of metals 178

5.2.3 Bio-tribo-corrosion at the modular interface 180

5.2.4 Adverse effects due to the creation of wear particles 183

5.3 Residual stress development by rough surface contact 184

5.3.1 Surface properties of bio-implants 186

5.3.2 Stress-assisted electrochemical dissolution and local corrosion damage 188

5.4 Conclusion 192

5.5 Bibliography 193

List of Authors 197

Index 201