Table of Contents

Part I Overview 1

1 Systems Projects and Management 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Systems and Projects 3

1.3 Problems in Managing Engineering Projects 12

1.4 The Systems Approach 17

1.5 The Project Organization 21

1.6 Organizational Environments and Factors 25

1.7 Large-Scale Organization and Management Issues 33

Questions/Exercises 38

References 39

2 Overview of Essentials 41

2.1 Introduction 41

2.2 Project Management Essentials 41

2.3 Systems Engineering Process and Management Essentials 45

2.4 Historical Overview of Acquisition Notions 49

2.5 Selected Standards 53

Questions/Exercises 66

References 67

Part II Project Management 69

3 The Project Plan 71

3.1 Introduction 71

3.2 Needs, Goals, Objectives, and Requirements 72

3.3 Task Statements, Statement of Work (SOW), and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 78

3.4 Technical Approach 80

3.5 Schedule 83

3.6 Organization, Staffing, and Task Responsibility Matrix (TRM) 86

3.7 Budget 86

3.8 Risk Analysis 90

3.9 The Proposal 92

3.10 SEMP and SEP 92

Questions/Exercises 95

References 96

4 Schedule, Cost, and Situation Analysis 99

4.1 Introduction 99

4.2 Schedule Analysis and Monitoring 100

4.3 Cost Analysis and Monitoring 104

4.4 Situation Analysis (SA) 122

Questions/Exercises 128

References 130

5 The Project Manager and Leadership 131

5.1 Introduction 131

5.2 Project Manager Attributes 132

5.3 Self-Evaluation 139

5.4 Interactions with Your Supervisor 147

5.5 Customer Interaction 151

5.6 Leadership 152

Questions/Exercises 157

References 158

6 Team Building and Team Interactions 159

6.1 Introduction 159

6.2 Communications 160

6.3 Building the Project Team 162

6.4 Team Busters 166

6.5 Conflict Management 168

6.6 Meetings 171

6.7 Presentations 173

6.8 Proposals 176

6.9 A Note on Motivation and Incentives 182

6.10 Another Team-Related Perspective 184

6.11 Group Processes 187

Questions/Exercises 189

References 190

Part III Systems Engineering and Management 191

7 The Thirty Elements of Systems Engineering 191

7.1 Overview of the Systems Approach and Engineering Process 193

7.2 Two Systems Engineering Perspectives 194

7.3 The Thirty Elements of Systems Engineering 199

7.4 The Importance of Domain Knowledge in Systems Engineering 230

Questions/Exercises 231

References 231

8 Requirements Analysis and Allocation 233

8.1 Introduction 233

8.2 Department of Defense (DOD) Perspectives 234

8.3 A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Perspective 237

8.4 The Organization of Requirements Statements 238

8.5 Specific Requirements Statements 242

8.6 Essential Steps of Requirements Analysis 244

8.7 Derived and Allocated Requirements 248

8.8 Other Requirements Issues 251

Questions/Exercises 255

References 256

9 Systems Architecting: Principles 257

9.1 Introduction 257

9.2 A View of Systems Architecting 258

9.3 A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Perspective 259

9.4 Architecture Descriptions 261

9.5 Essential Steps of System Architecting 269

9.6 The 95% Solution 286

9.7 Trade-Offs and Sensitivity Analyses 287

9.8 Modeling and Simulation 293

9.9 Other Architectures and Tools 297

9.10 Summary 300

Questions/Exercises 301

References 302

10 Software Engineering 305

10.1 Introduction 305

10.2 Standards 306

10.3 Software Management Strategies 313

10.4 Capability Maturity 316

10.5 Metrics 319

10.6 The Systems Engineer and Software Engineering 329

10.7 Summary 332

Questions/Exercises 333

References 334

11 Selected Quantitative Relationships 337

11.1 Introduction 337

11.2 Basic Probability Relationships 338

11.3 The Binomial Distribution 345

11.4 The Poisson Distribution 346

11.5 The Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 347

11.6 The Uniform Distribution 349

11.7 The Exponential Distribution 350

11.8 The Rayleigh Distribution 351

11.9 Error Analyses 352

11.10 Radar Signal Detection 353

11.11 System Reliability 357

11.12 Software Reliability 361

11.13 Availability 361

11.14 A Least Squares Fit 362

11.15 Summary 363

Questions/Exercises 365

References 366

Part IV Trends, Perspectives, and Integrative Management 367

12 Systems/Software Engineering and Project Management Trends 369

12.1 Introduction 369

12.2 Systems Engineering Trends 369

12.3 Software Engineering Trends 386

12.4 Project Management Trends 400

Questions/Exercises 404

References 404

13 Selected New Perspectives 409

13.1 Introduction 409

13.2 Role of INCOSE 409

13.3 Acquisition of Systems 410

13.4 Problems in Systems and Software 418

13.5 Integration of Systems 419

Questions/Exercises 430

References 431

14 Integrative Management 433

14.1 Introduction 433

14.2 Managers as Integrators 434

14.3 Teams as Integrators 435

14.4 Plans as Integrators 437

14.5 The Systems Approach as Integrator 439

14.6 Methods and Standards as Integrators 440

14.7 Information Systems as Integrators 441

14.8 Enterprises as Integrators 442

14.9 Thinking Outside the Box 443

14.10 Summary 447

Questions/Exercises 447

References 448

Appendix: Systems Architecting—Cases 451

A.1 Introduction 451

A.2 A Logistics Support System (Case 1) 452

A.3 A Software Defects Assessment System (Case 2) 457

A.4 A Systems Engineering Environment (Case 3) 462

A.5 An Anemometry System (Case 4) 470

A.6 Summary 480

References 480

Index 481