Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author xv
1 Overview of High Voltage Protection for Telecommunications 1
Basic Purpose and Applications 2
The HV Protection Challenge 3
HV Isolation Standards 7
2 Electric Power System Fundamentals 11
Power Terminology for Telecommunications 12
Electric Power System Overview 21
AC Voltage Generation 23
Substation Equipment 31
Transmission Lines 44
Distribution Lines 45
System Protection Equipment and Concepts 47
3 Ground Potential Rise (GPR) and Zone of Influence 63
Introduction to Ground Potential Rise (GPR) 64
GPR 65
GPR Locations 66
Factors Affecting GPR 71
Calculation of GPR 86
ZOI 88
Earth Resistivity 91
GPR and ZOI Calculation Methods 95
Lightning Faults 107
Electromagnetic Induction under Fault Conditions 109
Total Electrical Cable Stress 118
The Role of Protection Engineers 119
4 Critical Telecommunications Circuits in HV Environments 121
General 122
Service Performance Objectives (SPOs) 122
North America Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Standards 125
Protective Relaying Schemes that Require Class A Circuits 126
Power Applications that Require Class B Circuits 131
Power Communication Service Types 136
Smart Grid and Cyber Security 139
5 High Voltage Protection Equipment 143
General 144
Basic Shunt Protection 144
Levels of Protection 149
Special Consideration for Nearby Facilities 166
6 Level III HV Protection Equipment, Installation, and Testing 167
General 168
Level III Copper HVI Components 169
Copper HVI System Design 181
Copper HVI Installation Examples 191
Copper HVI System Initial Testing 195
Copper HVI Maintenance and Inspection 197
Fiber HVI Systems Installation 199
Fiber HVI Installation Examples 202
Wireless Sites on Electrical Power Towers 205
Protection at Non-Power Company Locations 211
7 Personnel Safety Working with HV Protection Equipment 217
Electrical Safety 218
Electrical Protection Priorities 218
Touch and Step Potentials 219
Glossary 227
Appendix: Service Request Form 231
Bibliography 235
Index 237
